Some varieties of ice, according to Sir Clements Markham’s ‘Ice Nomenclature’
Anchor Ice = ground ice.
Bay Ice.—The young ice which first forms on the surface of the sea in autumn.
Brash Ice.—Small fragments and nodules, the wreck of other kinds of ice.
Field Ice = Ice-field.—A sheet of ice of such extent that its termination cannot be seen from the crow’s nest.
Floe.—The same as a field, except that its extent can be made out from the crow’s nest.
Floeberg.—Large masses of sea ice, broken off from ancient floes of great thickness, when they are forced upon the shore.
Hummock.—A rough hillock of ice, whether formed by seraces, pressure ridges, or otherwise.
Pack.—A body of drift ice consisting of separate pieces, and the extent of which cannot be seen; distinction between an Open Pack (pieces do not touch) and a Closed Pack (pieces are pressed together).
Pancake Ice consists of small circular pieces with raised edges.
Rotten Ice.—Old ice, partially melted, and in part honeycombed.
Seraces.—Sharp irregular ridges or pinnacles of ice, formed in a glacier where there is a sudden change in the slope of the bed too slight to produce an ice-fall.
Tongue.—A mass of ice projecting under water from a floe or an iceberg, and generally distinguishable at a considerable depth in smooth water.
Young Ice.—Nearly the same as bay ice; but applied to ice more recently formed.
